Profile of Tycho Brahe, Danish Astronomer

Imagine having a boss who was a well-known astronomer, got all his money from a nobleman, drank a lot, and eventually had his nose bit off in the Renaissance equivalent of a bar fight? That would describe Tycho Brahe, one of the more colorful characters in the history of astronomy. He may have been a feisty and interesting guy, but he also did solid work observing the sky and conning a king into paying for his own personal observatory. Among other things, Tycho Brahe was an avid sky observer and built several observatories. He also hired and fostered the great astronomer Johannes Kepler as his assistant. In his personal life, Brahe was an eccentric man, often getting himself into trouble. In one incident, he ended up in a duel with his cousin. Brahe was injured and lost part of his nose in the fight. He spent his later years fashioning replacement noses from precious metals, usually brass. For years, people claimed he died of blood poisoning, but it turns out that two posthumous examinations show that his most likely cause of death was a burst bladder. However he died, his legacy in astronomy is a strong one.   Brahes Life Brahe was born in 1546 in Knudstrup, which currently is in southern Sweden but was a part of Denmark at the time. While attending the universities of Copenhagen and Leipzig to study law and philosophy, he became interested in astronomy and spent most of his evenings studying the stars. Contributions to Astronomy One of Tycho Brahe’s first contributions to astronomy was the detection and correction of several grave errors in the standard astronomical tables in use at the time. These were tables of star positions as well as planetary motions and orbits. These errors were largely due to the slow change of star positions but also suffered from transcription errors when people copied them from one observer to the next. In 1572, Brahe discovered a supernova (the violent death of a supermassive star) located in the constellation of Cassiopeia. It became known as Tychos Supernova and is one of only eight such events recorded in the historical records prior to the invention of the telescope. Eventually, his fame at observations led to an offer from King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway to fund the construction of an astronomical observatory. The island of Hven was chosen as the location for Brahes newest observatory, and in 1576, construction began. He called the castle Uraniborg, which means fortress of the heavens. He spent twenty years there, making observations of the sky and careful notes of what he and his assistants saw. After the death of his benefactor in 1588, the kings son Christian took the throne. Brahes support slowly dwindled due to disagreements with the king. Eventually, Brahe was removed from his beloved observatory. In 1597, Emperor Rudolf II of Bohemia intervened and offered Brahe a pension of 3,000 ducats and an estate near Prague, where he planned to construct a new Uraniborg. Unfortunately, Tycho Brahe fell ill and died in 1601 before construction was complete. Tychos Legacy During his life, Tycho Brahe did not accept Nicolaus Copernicus’s model of the universe. He attempted to combine it with the Ptolemaic model (developed by ancient astronomer Claudius Ptolemy), which had never been proved accurate. He proposed that the five known planets revolved around the Sun, which, along with those planets, revolved around Earth each year. The stars, then, revolved around Earth, which was immobile. His ideas were wrong, of course, but it took many years of work by Kepler and others to finally refute the so-called Tychonic universe.   Although Tycho Brahe’s theories were incorrect, the data he collected during his lifetime was far superior to any others made prior to the invention of the telescope. His tables were used for years after his death, and remain an important part of astronomy history. After Tycho Brahe’s death,  Johannes Kepler used his observations to calculate his own three laws of planetary motion. Kepler had to fight the family to get the data, but he eventually prevailed, and astronomy is much the richer for his work on and continuation of Brahes observational legacy.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

why to be a chemical engineer - 2047 Words

Christian Gonzales Mrs. Krametbauer English III 10 November 2014 Why Chemical Engineering? Individuals take engineering as something distance to their lives due to rigorous courses to get through. As some would say that it is not worth it, other clever individuals have figured this out. To be a chemical engineer, an individual explores and takes on other sciences to create important products to better peoples lives. As Mark and Sherri Devaney stated, â€Å"†¦Chemical Engineers are charged primarily with finding ways to put science and engineering principles to work†¦Ã¢â‚¬  with their purpose being, â€Å"†¦to help corporations and organizations create useful, cost effective products that will benefit consumers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ .(pg. 43) As it was brought up earlier, to†¦show more content†¦But this is a life issue, not an engineering issue.†(n.pag) With actual experience and not statistics with studies, this valuable advice could prepare an applicant to be disciplined in a different category than engineering itself, th erefore, expanding their diversity of knowledge and interaction. These could truly be attributes an applicant would want to desire even if they didn’t decide to pursue chemical engineering. In chemical engineering, an applicant would not only want to submerse themselves in complete knowledge of chemical engineering, but also in learning qualifications that could get them noticed and hired. To be a chemical engineer, an applicant should not be only strong in the occupation itself, but also in their interaction and sociability. A chemical engineer informs a group of applicants by stating, â€Å"A lot of my work is team-oriented. I work with a few other people and we all depend on each other to bring certain results or knowledge to the group as a whole so that we can accomplish our overall goal.† (n.pag) By having interactive qualities, it is clear and also postulated that one cannot be an introverted person when looking to get hired. By actual accounts of a chemical engi neer, he postulates and informs applicants that, â€Å"All engineers must at some point (if not nearly always) work as part of a group or team, and all engineers must be able to communicate the results of their work - to their peers, supervisors, upper management, subordinates, andShow MoreRelatedThe Engineering Field : Chemical, Civil, Electrical, And Mechanical Engineering1215 Words   |  5 PagesNature) most likely was designed and created with input from engineers. The shampoo you used this morning to wash your hair, the technology that cleans the water you drink, the buildings in which you live, work, and attend school, and the iPhone you use to communicate all involved the expertise of engineers in the initial design, building and testing, and final production. All engineers are problems solvers. The differences among engineers in varying disciplines are dependent on the types of problemsRead MoreDiscover Engineering: Aeronautical Engineering755 Words   |  3 PagesAeronautical Engineering Engineer combines the field of science and math to solve real world problems to make it a better place (Google Definition). Engineering is a diverse field of work there are many disciplines within engineering that can involve the application of a very different body of knowledge and skills (2012 Project Lead The Way, Inc. IED Activity 1.5Discover Engineering-page1). There are a lot of disciplines within engineering, naming all is too much, the most common engineer discipline are Read MoreThe Technology Of Chemical Engineering1641 Words   |  7 Pagesknown for their brains in chemical engineering, like Carl Bosch who is known for his work with high pressure chemistry. Chemical engineering is quite peculiar among the many branches of engineering. Other branches include civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and aerospace engineering which are mainly applied physics. Chemical engineering is unique in integrating chemistry with physics to investigate system atically industrial processes of chemical production. People in thisRead MoreShort Story Of Creative Writing1600 Words   |  7 Pagessaw kids crying and running around screaming. â€Å"Mom! Where are you? Wake up! Stop sleeping!† I could see Cailin behind me whimpering and crying. I ran outside, wanting to help anyone I could. Justin, Gabriel, and Vyvyan followed. â€Å"What is this smell? Why is there so much smoke?† Gabriel asked, his eyes turning red. The smell was potent. My nose twitched and fell numb. I couldn’t smell anymore and worried what this could be. I ran back to the building and warned the others, â€Å"Don’t come out! The smellRead MoreWhat Type Of Anesthetics For Patients For A Pain Free Surgery?1585 Words   |  7 Pagesmed school. Chemical Engineer https://www2.careercruising.com/careers/profile-at-a-glance/88 Chemical Engineers design and operate equipment processes to change physical matter. They design and develop new machines to produce different chemical reactions. They make 45k-135k a year. Chemical engineers sometimes would work with different hazardous chemicals. Requires University level of education. Civil Engineering https://www2.careercruising.com/careers/profile-at-a-glance/95 Civil Engineer help to designRead MoreDiscover Engineering: Architectural Engineering 1245 Words   |  5 Pagesare four major disciplines which are: chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Engineering has been around from about the ancient times. There have been many great inventions since then. Many of the things that have been constructed or built in the world have happened because of engineering. The four disciplines of engineering have helped many of the great engineer’s in what they have designed. This is why these four major disciplines are very importantRead MoreThe Importance Of Mechanical Engineering1427 Words   |  6 Pageshave no clue about that help’s us In everyday life. 16 year old dies in a pool from the pool’s drain in May 1996 this caused Trio-dyne who’s a Mechanical Engineer to design a drain cover to stop the drain from sucking in people and hopefully save the next victim (Improvi ng Pool Safety by Valenti Michael). This is an Example of why we need Engineers in everyday life because without them they wouldn’t have problems fixed like the one in the sentence above. Engineering/Mechanical Engineering is very helpfulRead MoreCase - Safeblend Fracturing Essay871 Words   |  4 Pagespurpose (short and long term)? * Who are the key members of the team? * Who on the team wields the most power and the least power? Why? * Does this sourcing team provide SafeBlend with opportunities? Why or why not? The sourcing team comprised of adequate representation of key stakeholders in the company. It consisted of a few chemists and engineers, but mostly strategic leaders, who were responsible for making the purchase decisions of additive for fracturing fluid. The SafeBlend workedRead MoreEssay on The Haber Bosh Process and the Importance of Making Ammonia608 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Chemical processes are important in sustaining human, plant and animal life. They produce, refine and separate substances making them useful for industrial and practical purposes. One such important chemical process is the method of producing synthetic ammonia through the Haber-Bosch process. Why produce ammonia? In this paper, I will discuss the Haber-bosh process and the importance of making ammonia. The Haber-Bosch process is a very essential method in present society as it allowsRead MoreThe Role of Engineers in Society1590 Words   |  7 PagesRole of Engineers in Transforming the Society ------------------------------------------------------------------ Topic: Role of Engineers in Transforming the Society Objectives: Ø to open an issue exploring the roles of engineers in transforming our society Ø to gather data regarding the past and present roles and significant contributions engineers have played and made in and to Philippine society Ø to thoughtfully consider the relevant emerging roles and functions of an engineer in transforming

Theories of Crime free essay sample

Theories of Crime Javier Bryon AIU Online Abstract There are many theories that attempt to explain criminal behavior. Social theories indicate that interaction with other individuals and environment are factors that contribute to criminal behavior. Many argue that social factors alone cannot be the only cause to criminal behavior, but peer pressure and rationalization are powerful tools of behavior modification. Theories of Crime Crime theories can vary greatly. A lot of people think that poverty or social status is a major factor on criminal behavior. Others believe that is embedded in human beings to be born with evil therefore we are attracted to crime. Bottom line is deterrence cannot be achieved unless the underlining cause for criminal behavior is found. Social Control Theory The social control theory does not ask the question â€Å"what makes people to commit a crime? † It bases its belief on the assumption that people are thought from a very young age between right and wrong. Social interaction is the key for the theory; humans are thought since birth the rules of society. Parents at home, and teachers in schools, are both the primary tutors of the upbringing of social behavior. According to Williams amp; McShane (2010), â€Å"Theories of social control all rely on social factors to explain how people are restrained from acting in ways harmful to others. † The strengths behind this theory is that social behavior is an immense factor when dealing with criminal behavior. If parents did not teach their children that taking candy from a store without paying was bad, then can we really blame that child for taking the candy? But on the other hand we do have those parents that carved good morals, and taught their kids right from wrong, but the children still committed criminal acts. This theory does have a lot of weight on criminal behavior because without proper socialization individuals are more prone to be confused about what is right and what is wrong. Strain Theory The strain theory envisions that society shares common goals and values. It theorizes that some of those goals are usually material in nature, like owning a house, or a nice car. However because not all members of society are in the same economic or social status, not everyone can achieve these goals in their life. A good example is how the United States developed the image of the â€Å"American Dream†. It did not matter where you came from, or your social status, in the United States that person could achieve economic success. Now this might not be true for every single individual in the United States, therefore those individuals that cannot achieve their goals are pushed by society to commit crimes in order to fulfill economic status. There are particular strengths within this theory, like the fact that society persuades individuals that without material possessions there is no success, and therefore individuals might feel pressured to achieve this by all means necessary, including committing criminal acts. The main weakness on the theory is the almost nonexistent notion that all humans have free will; all individuals regardless of the motive can choose not to commit a crime. Differential Association Theory The differential association theory was first proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland in 1939. This theory has major social impact, just like the strain and social control theories. This theory departs from the belief that individuals inherit the criminal behavior from passed on genes, attributing the behavior to social interaction. The main focus of the theory is that criminal behavior is learned from criminal to criminal. Through these social interaction criminals learned, techniques, motives, and expand their crimes to other realms of crime. On the second edition of Principles of Criminology Sutherland (1934, pp. 1-52) stated, â€Å"First, any person can be trained to adopt and follow any pattern of behavior which he is able to execute. Second, failure to follow a prescribed pattern of behavior is due to the inconsistencies and lack of harmony in the influences which direct the individual. Third, the conflict of cultures is therefore the fundamental principle in the explanation of crime. † Therefore this theory rejects any notion that criminal beh avior is insidious to human beings and only through association with other criminals the criminal is made. This is particularly he weakness in the theory since it does not express how a criminal that has no communication or association with other criminals came to have that behavior. On the other hand it is probable that by association with criminals, the chances of that individual complying with criminal behavior and give in to peer pressure are very likely. Neutralization Theory The neutralization theory debates whether humans are rational animals. The basis for the theory comes from researching juveniles. The juveniles that participated on the research showed that they all hold conventional morals and values. They all grew up knowing that stealing is wrong, as well as killing, and so on. The theory finds it that these individuals find every single behavior unacceptable, unless they can justify their actions. In their minds this individuals find rationalizations or excuses that neutralizes their guilt before they become involve in to that particular criminal behavior. The fixation to find excuses that justify their actions is what Sykes and Matza referred as â€Å"techniques of neutralization†. The individuals usually appeal to typical behaviors like putting the blame on someone else, or blame peer pressure. This typical behavior is very common and the catch to the theory is that the rationalization comes first, and then the crime, individuals do this to act in a free of guilt conscience while attempting the crime. The strength behind the theory is that this is very commonly seen in juveniles, and usually they get their rationalizations from older individuals that influence them or coerce them in to the criminal behavior. The weakness behind the theory is that the rationalization comes before the crime; therefore the crime is well planned and thought putting all the responsibility on the offender. Jared Lee Laughner Possible Motives Mr. Laughner was twenty four years old when he pleaded guilty to 19 charges of murder and attempted murder. Between those injured was U. S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords, his intended target, he killed six people in the process including Chief U. S. District Court Judge John Roll, as well as a nine year old girl. Before the shooting friends of Laughner say that his personality had changed several years before the shooting. They account for alcohol abuse and drugs. He had been expelled from college for bizarre ttitudes in class. Laughner had a very normal childhood and there is no reason to think of any abuse. The theory that best describes Laughner behavior would be the differential association theory that is if you take the mental issues he might have. He gained knowledge from the media mostly internet research and by communicating hos thoughts through youtube. The theory explains that the knowledge is learned from criminal to criminal and in this case it was not per say from person to person but indirectly by internet or media searches. That theory would be the best choice to explains the motives he had behind the horrific shooting. Conclusion All these theories explain specific issues that arise when dealing with criminal behavior. They all have their key points and weaknesses. In my opinion they cover very basic concepts and we cannot help but wonder what else can explain if not biological or psychological theories special cases like Laughner? We should never consider only one theory but a combination of them in order to try to understand how the criminal mind works. References Williams III, F. P. amp; McShane, M. D. (2010). Criminological theory (5th ed. ). (Online version). Retrieved from AIU Online Virtual Campus. Theories of Crime Causation: CRJS105-1204A:01 website. The Week (2012). 9 things we’ve learned about Jared Lee Loughner. Retrieved from http://theweek. com/article/index/211108/9-things-weve-learned-about-jared-lee-loughner Agnew, R. (1994). The Techniques of Neutralization and Violence. Criminology. 32, 555-580. Matza, D. amp; Sykes, Gresham  (1961). Juvenile Delinquency and Subterranean Values. American Sociological Review. 26(5). 712-719.

Urban Sprawl and Motorization

Emergence of urban centers is the major cause of the increase in emissions that affect the ozone layer. The effects of global warming are also attributed to the urban sprawl and motorization. The urban sprawl affects the environment in diverse ways.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Sprawl and Motorization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The effects range from high level of energy consumption and use of transportation, cooling and heating facilities up to the sustenance of social thriving of urban neighborhoods. Meanwhile, to meet growth of motorization, developing countries have used a lot of natural resources to deal with infrastructure construction. However, there is adverse mass impact on motorized urban sprawl, which is solved by using technologies as claimed by business groups. This essay will analyze three main situations caused by urban sprawl, and argue that these problems can be solved by environme ntal and technological means. This essay is primarily based on air pollution, social polarization and loss of farm land ( Gleria and Jaeger 65). One of the greatest effects of urban sprawl and motorization is air pollution. Air pollution is emission of unwanted or unclean gases into the atmosphere. These gases are end result of the used fuels. Emitted gases lead to massive destruction of the environment. For instance, gases such as carbon dioxide if emitted into the atmosphere in large volumes gradually deplete the ozone layer. As a result of depletion of ozone layer, occur such effects as climate change. Climate change adversely affects both human and vegetative lives. As a result of climate change, we can observe unreliability of weather conditions, thus lowering rainfall rate. Droughts and extinctions of many plants and animal species occur. Air pollution leads to greenhouse effect. Greenhouse effect is formed due to emission of such gases as carbon dioxide that largely contribut es to depletion of the ozone layer. As a result of this, direct radiation occurs, thus causing droughts and water loss in the atmosphere. Other effects of air pollution include cancer to human and animals. For instance, dissolved gases form an acidic media when it rains, thereby causing consumption of acidified water. Gonzales states that rates of gaseous emission are more pronounced in urban areas rather than in rural areas. This is due to the fact that most people in urban areas own cars, and the rate of motorist’s activities is higher than in rural areas. This means more consumption of fossil fuels and eventual emission of gases into the atmosphere (Gonzales, 211).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Different solutions to control the widespread of greenhouse gases emission into the atmosphere are provided. Government provides solutions to these problems. Technologic al approach advocates for inventing electric cars. They argue that with the coming of electric cars, the rate of consumption of fossil fuels will be cut drastically. Therefore this will mean that emission of fossil gases reduces, thus no more global warming. The next approach for preventing emission of gases into the atmosphere is through government intervention through formulation of policies like public transport and land management policies. These policies are effective if properly followed. For instance, legislation to lower the number of vehicles possessed in any town ensures cut downs in fossil fuel usage (McCartney n. p.). Gonzales, however, strongly advocates for technological approach, and explains that it provides an adequate measure to end emission of fossil gases. This is due to the fact that government legislations have more discrepancies than technological measures. Therefore technological approach is the best solution. Urban sprawl and motorization have caused polariz ation into the society. Polarization is environmentally unfriendly since it leads to replacement of neighborhood by infrastructures. Displaced persons have no alternatives thus leading to environmental constraints. For instance, poor people become homeless since they cannot afford good houses in the cities (Mario and Jaeger 46). Martin further suggests that transport injustice is one of the greatest social issues in the society. This is due to the fact that as a result of technology, the society is left homeless, and landless. Gonzales, on the other hand, suggests that by creating high transport rate; people resort to other means that are cheaper and environmental friendly. However, technology explains that construction of dual carriage highway is not recommended, instead bypasses and underpasses that minimizes measure of land used are more rational. The government provides solutions by securing alternative lands to the displaced persons. Therefore the Government solution is more pr eferable than the technological one, because both underpasses and bypasses are costly to build and manage (Gonzales 123). Finally, motorization and urban sprawl lead to loss of farm lands. It happens when productive agricultural land is used to build roads. Martin explains that utilization of farmland for infrastructural construction leads to reduced food production, loss of farm land, and eco-social problems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Sprawl and Motorization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, government should compensate farmers for the land used through its policies, as well as provide an alternative productive land (Martin 69). Technology should intensify search for other free lands where construction would be made. Therefore technology provides the most effective means of controlling the social effects motorization and urban sprawl. In conclusion, government through its stakeholders shou ld formulate legislations that control consequences of such phenomena as urban sprawl and motorization. Measures discussed, especially air pollution, adversely affect ecosystem, and should be controlled (Gonzales 78). Works Cited Gonzales, George. â€Å"Urban sprawl, global warming and the limits of ecological modernization.† Environmental politics. 14.3 (2005): 34-362. Print. Mario, Gleria and Roger Jaeger. Phosphazenes: A Worldwide Insight. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2004. Print. Martin, George. â€Å"Motorization, Social ecology and China.† Area. 39.1 (2007):66-73. Print. McCartney, Danielle. â€Å"From Urban Sprawl to Sustainable Urban Village.† The Fifth Estate, 10 Aug. 2009. Web. https://www.thefifthestate.com.au/. This essay on Urban Sprawl and Motorization was written and submitted by user Yoda to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.